original synth by zealot, translated 2 english by antoncho :3 ik there r other ketamine syntheses on here but i skimmed thru a couple n this looks different (the only ket precursor synth i saw was 4 a different route). sry if this is a repost, hope this can b of use 2 some chemists!!
Foreword
Ladies and gentlemen!
Let me proudly introduce to you another story from Zealot’s dream collection.
While there’s 11 steps in the synthesis, its longitude is explained by the fact that all the precursors and even some reagents are made from scratch, employing user-friendly techniques and equipment (in fact, a need for vacuum is mentioned only once, and even that is for the removal of solvent); as well as only easy-to-get reactants.
Still the synth is obviously for the skilled only; for one thing, it involves making a Grignard. There is a potential possibility to use zincorganic compounds [fidelis note: idk if he means organozinc compounds, that came up when i looked up zincorganic] instead (discussed in detail below) which is much cheaper and easier technically.
Also there is added an alternate preparation of o-chlorobenzonitrile by zealot.
With this said, let’s get to business.
- Antoncho
1. o-Chlorobenzoic acid
ᗢ Anthranilic acid 13,7g
ᗢ HCl (conc., d=1,19)
ᗢ NaNO2 8g
ᗢ CuCl 10g
13.7g anthranilic acid is stirred in a glass beaker in 40mls water, 28mls HCl and 20g ice. With constant stirring and cooling there's added 8g NaNO2 in 40mls water. Thus obtained clear solution of diazonium salt is very slowly added with stirring into a soln. of 10g CuCl in 25g HCl conc. A vigorous evolution of nitrogen is observed.
When the rxn ends, the ppt is filtered, washed with cold water and reprecipitated from aq. Na2CO3. The product represents fine crystals and melts at 140-141°C.
o-Bromobenzoic acid can be obtained in an analogous manner, substituting CuCl for CuBr.
2. o-Chlorobenzonitrile
Preparation A.
(RCOO)₂Zn + Pb(SCN)₂ = 2 RCN + ZnS + PbS + 2 CO₂
The best results are obtained when a zinc salt is employed instead of free acid. This rxn is unsuitable for amino-, nitro- and oxy- acids, but can be used for bromo- and chlorobenzoic acids.
To a hot soln of 50g NaOH in 400mls water there's added 195g o-chlorobenzoic acid. Carefully neutralize with NH3 or NaHCO3 and add with heating 105g (~5% excess) ZnSO4 in 400mls water. The precipitated salt is dried for prolonged time at 200°C and mixed intimately with 205g Pb(SCN)2. The mixture is coffeeground and dried at 120-140°C for a prolonged time, then heated on open flame - the mixture melts and gases are evolved.
Distilled nitrile is treated with NH4OH, steam-distilled and salted out. Yield 137g (80%), mp 43-46°C, bp 232°C. The rxn usually takes place within 30-60 mins, but the duration of drying makes the method quite time-consuming.
Preparation B.
This one doesn't require a prolonged drying. Sulfaminic acid is dirt cheap and can be acquired without causing any suspicion.
o-Bromobenzonitrile
50g o-Bromobenzamide and 35g (25g=theory) sulfaminic (sulfamic) acid is thoroughly mixed and heated in a Wurtz flask. At 250-255°C distillation begins, which is over at 285-295°C (takes approx. 1.5-2 hrs). The collected product is redistilled, yield 36g (80% of theory).
mp 53-57°C, bp 251-253°C
As I found recently, this can be simplified yet more, by forming benzamides in situ from the corresponding acid and urea... but since this is a very good route to subst’d benzaldehydes from benzoic acids, I’ll post it later separately. [fidelis note: may try 2 dig this up, hopefully i can find it. if someone else does this 4 me ill be forever grateful lol]
3. Cyclopentanone
100g adipic acid and 10g Ba(OH)₂ is intimately mixed and placed into a flask with a thermometer. The rxn is heated to 280°C, the mixture initially melts and then the distillation takes place, which lasts about 1-2 hrs. The hot distillate is saturated with NaCl, the upper layer is decanted and distilled, collecting the fraction boiling at 128-130°C. Dry with MgSO₄.
Yield: 51g (89% of theory).
Notes:
ᗢ Ca(OH)2 may be substituted for Ba(OH)₂ without much loss in the yield.
ᗢ If one is to use pre-made Ca or Ba adipinate, no temp control is necessary.
4. Aluminium isopropoxide
Al(i-PrO)₃ - Bp 130-140°C at 7mmHg; mp 118°C.
Into a 250ml RBF equipped with an efficient reflux condenser there's added 6g Al foil, 70mls (51mls in theory) abs. IPA (commercial reagent grade IPA was used without any drying) and 0,1g HgSO₄. The mixture is heated.
In the beginning of boiling 0,5mls CCl₄ (CAREFUL! Extremely toxic!) and heating continued until H₂ evolution starts, when it is stopped, sometimes even cooling's needed. After the rxn subsides, heating is continued until almost full dissolution of Al (5-7 hrs). The obtained solution is immediately used as is in the following preparation.
5. Cyclopentanol
Into a 250ml RBF equipped with a 15cm Vigreux column and distilling condenser there's added 53mls (50g) cyclopentanone in 50mls IPA and the soln from the previous prep'n, which contains about 40g Al isopropoxide. The rxn is gently heated, which causes acetone with some water to distill off. The distillation is ended when the temp of the vapors rises to ~85°C.
The ppt inside the flask is carefully decomposed with 50% H₂SO₄ until acidic and saturated with NaCl. The upper layer is decanted and distilled, collecting the fraction boiling at 137-140°C. Drying with MgSO₄.
6. Cyclopentylbromide
In a flask there’s mixed 47mls (45g) cyclopentanol and 60mls (90g) 48% aq. HBr. 10g Na₂SO₄ is added. The rxn is left for 24hrs with vigorous stirring. After that it’s diluted with 200mls water and the lower organic phase is separated and washed with water twice. Distill, collecting the fraction between 137-138°C. Dried with MgSO₄.
Yield = 58g (74%)
7. Cyclopentyl magnesium bromide
Into a 250mls three-necked flask equipped with a reflux condenser, addition funnel and inert gas inlet there’s placed 50mls THF (kept over KOH, prior to the rxn 150mls refluxed over 30g CaO for 6hrs and distilled). 9g of fine Mg turnings is added followed by some iodine crystals. The apparatus is flushed with argon and a gentle stream of gas is left flowing in. Magnetic stirring is commenced. The mixture instantly becomes cloudy from MgI. From the addition funnel there’s dripped 55g (40mls) cyclopentyl bromide in 100mls THF so that the soln boils smoothly. The rxn is usually over in an hour, it is accompanied by precipitation of a white jelly-like mass, and at the bottom there maybe left some unreacted Mg as a dark-grey powder.
Usage of THF instead of ether is preferred since the rxn in it proceeds better and faster (THF is a more specific solvent for Grignards), the yield is better as well. Besides, THF can be dried with CaO, while for ether, sodium metal is usually employed.
Notes on the possible usage of Zn-organics:
".. Nitriles are not bad as electrophiles, so it is possible that despite smaller reactivity of ZnR2 compounds, they would work equally well here - esp. if the rxn conditions are made harsher (gentle reflux instead of RT?).
What one CAN say for sure-is that the rxn with ZnR₂ will go just fine if one is to use o-chlorobenzoyl chloride instead of benzonitrile. Haloanhydrides generally are the best species for coupling with metalloorganics.
Bis-dicyclopentyl zinc is conveniently made from the corresponding bromide, no need to make iodide here. And o-chlorobenzoyl chloride can be easily prepared from o-chlorobenzoic acid (obtained in Step 1) and PCl₅ or some such."
8. o-Chlorophenyl cyclopentyl ketone
To the thus obtained Grignard soln there’s added 48g o-chlorobenzonitrile and the mixture is stirred for 3 days at RT. It is then poured into a mixture of ice/NH₄Cl, with addition of some conc. aq. NH₃ and left at ambient temp until all ice melts. The ketone partially floats, partially goes to the bottom. It’s extracted with benzene.
The yields fluctuate, but rarely drop below 55%.
9. alpha-Bromo-(o-chlorophenyl)-cyclopentyl ketone
40g ketone is dissolved in 70mls CCl₄ and with cooling in snow it is added into a soln of 48g dioxane dibromide in 50mls dioxane, and stirred at RT for 30mins. Then 30mls water are added and the soln is washed with Na₂CO₃ aq. until neutral. This may lead to some preciptation of the bromoketone, which stays in CCl₄. The solvent is removed, giving 47g (85%) of the bromoketone.
10. (1-hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-(o-chlorophenyl)-N-methylketimine
45g of the above bromoketone is dissolved in 50mls benzene, add therein 50mls triethylamine (17g/23mL is required for neutralization of HBr, but a 2x excess is used). The soln is then saturated with 5g methylamine, obtained by dripping a saturated soln of 15g MeNH₂·HCl onto 10g NaOH, dried thru NaOH. The rxn is left for 1 day and the solvents are removed under aspirator vacuum, giving 30g (80%) of methylketimine.
11. Ketamine
10g of methylketimine is dissolved in 100mls undecane and boiled at 195°C for 3-4hrs. Ketamine is extracted with 20% HCl. Acidic extract is basified and extracted with DCM. Solvent is removed giving the product as an oil that quickly crystallizes. It can be purified by recrystallization from pentane/ether or hexane/ether.
The yields are close to quantitative.
Foreword
Ladies and gentlemen!
Let me proudly introduce to you another story from Zealot’s dream collection.
While there’s 11 steps in the synthesis, its longitude is explained by the fact that all the precursors and even some reagents are made from scratch, employing user-friendly techniques and equipment (in fact, a need for vacuum is mentioned only once, and even that is for the removal of solvent); as well as only easy-to-get reactants.
Still the synth is obviously for the skilled only; for one thing, it involves making a Grignard. There is a potential possibility to use zincorganic compounds [fidelis note: idk if he means organozinc compounds, that came up when i looked up zincorganic] instead (discussed in detail below) which is much cheaper and easier technically.
Also there is added an alternate preparation of o-chlorobenzonitrile by zealot.
With this said, let’s get to business.
- Antoncho
1. o-Chlorobenzoic acid
ᗢ Anthranilic acid 13,7g
ᗢ HCl (conc., d=1,19)
ᗢ NaNO2 8g
ᗢ CuCl 10g
13.7g anthranilic acid is stirred in a glass beaker in 40mls water, 28mls HCl and 20g ice. With constant stirring and cooling there's added 8g NaNO2 in 40mls water. Thus obtained clear solution of diazonium salt is very slowly added with stirring into a soln. of 10g CuCl in 25g HCl conc. A vigorous evolution of nitrogen is observed.
When the rxn ends, the ppt is filtered, washed with cold water and reprecipitated from aq. Na2CO3. The product represents fine crystals and melts at 140-141°C.
o-Bromobenzoic acid can be obtained in an analogous manner, substituting CuCl for CuBr.
2. o-Chlorobenzonitrile
Preparation A.
(RCOO)₂Zn + Pb(SCN)₂ = 2 RCN + ZnS + PbS + 2 CO₂
The best results are obtained when a zinc salt is employed instead of free acid. This rxn is unsuitable for amino-, nitro- and oxy- acids, but can be used for bromo- and chlorobenzoic acids.
To a hot soln of 50g NaOH in 400mls water there's added 195g o-chlorobenzoic acid. Carefully neutralize with NH3 or NaHCO3 and add with heating 105g (~5% excess) ZnSO4 in 400mls water. The precipitated salt is dried for prolonged time at 200°C and mixed intimately with 205g Pb(SCN)2. The mixture is coffeeground and dried at 120-140°C for a prolonged time, then heated on open flame - the mixture melts and gases are evolved.
Distilled nitrile is treated with NH4OH, steam-distilled and salted out. Yield 137g (80%), mp 43-46°C, bp 232°C. The rxn usually takes place within 30-60 mins, but the duration of drying makes the method quite time-consuming.
Preparation B.
This one doesn't require a prolonged drying. Sulfaminic acid is dirt cheap and can be acquired without causing any suspicion.
o-Bromobenzonitrile
50g o-Bromobenzamide and 35g (25g=theory) sulfaminic (sulfamic) acid is thoroughly mixed and heated in a Wurtz flask. At 250-255°C distillation begins, which is over at 285-295°C (takes approx. 1.5-2 hrs). The collected product is redistilled, yield 36g (80% of theory).
mp 53-57°C, bp 251-253°C
As I found recently, this can be simplified yet more, by forming benzamides in situ from the corresponding acid and urea... but since this is a very good route to subst’d benzaldehydes from benzoic acids, I’ll post it later separately. [fidelis note: may try 2 dig this up, hopefully i can find it. if someone else does this 4 me ill be forever grateful lol]
3. Cyclopentanone
100g adipic acid and 10g Ba(OH)₂ is intimately mixed and placed into a flask with a thermometer. The rxn is heated to 280°C, the mixture initially melts and then the distillation takes place, which lasts about 1-2 hrs. The hot distillate is saturated with NaCl, the upper layer is decanted and distilled, collecting the fraction boiling at 128-130°C. Dry with MgSO₄.
Yield: 51g (89% of theory).
Notes:
ᗢ Ca(OH)2 may be substituted for Ba(OH)₂ without much loss in the yield.
ᗢ If one is to use pre-made Ca or Ba adipinate, no temp control is necessary.
4. Aluminium isopropoxide
Al(i-PrO)₃ - Bp 130-140°C at 7mmHg; mp 118°C.
Into a 250ml RBF equipped with an efficient reflux condenser there's added 6g Al foil, 70mls (51mls in theory) abs. IPA (commercial reagent grade IPA was used without any drying) and 0,1g HgSO₄. The mixture is heated.
In the beginning of boiling 0,5mls CCl₄ (CAREFUL! Extremely toxic!) and heating continued until H₂ evolution starts, when it is stopped, sometimes even cooling's needed. After the rxn subsides, heating is continued until almost full dissolution of Al (5-7 hrs). The obtained solution is immediately used as is in the following preparation.
5. Cyclopentanol
Into a 250ml RBF equipped with a 15cm Vigreux column and distilling condenser there's added 53mls (50g) cyclopentanone in 50mls IPA and the soln from the previous prep'n, which contains about 40g Al isopropoxide. The rxn is gently heated, which causes acetone with some water to distill off. The distillation is ended when the temp of the vapors rises to ~85°C.
The ppt inside the flask is carefully decomposed with 50% H₂SO₄ until acidic and saturated with NaCl. The upper layer is decanted and distilled, collecting the fraction boiling at 137-140°C. Drying with MgSO₄.
6. Cyclopentylbromide
In a flask there’s mixed 47mls (45g) cyclopentanol and 60mls (90g) 48% aq. HBr. 10g Na₂SO₄ is added. The rxn is left for 24hrs with vigorous stirring. After that it’s diluted with 200mls water and the lower organic phase is separated and washed with water twice. Distill, collecting the fraction between 137-138°C. Dried with MgSO₄.
Yield = 58g (74%)
7. Cyclopentyl magnesium bromide
Into a 250mls three-necked flask equipped with a reflux condenser, addition funnel and inert gas inlet there’s placed 50mls THF (kept over KOH, prior to the rxn 150mls refluxed over 30g CaO for 6hrs and distilled). 9g of fine Mg turnings is added followed by some iodine crystals. The apparatus is flushed with argon and a gentle stream of gas is left flowing in. Magnetic stirring is commenced. The mixture instantly becomes cloudy from MgI. From the addition funnel there’s dripped 55g (40mls) cyclopentyl bromide in 100mls THF so that the soln boils smoothly. The rxn is usually over in an hour, it is accompanied by precipitation of a white jelly-like mass, and at the bottom there maybe left some unreacted Mg as a dark-grey powder.
Usage of THF instead of ether is preferred since the rxn in it proceeds better and faster (THF is a more specific solvent for Grignards), the yield is better as well. Besides, THF can be dried with CaO, while for ether, sodium metal is usually employed.
Notes on the possible usage of Zn-organics:
".. Nitriles are not bad as electrophiles, so it is possible that despite smaller reactivity of ZnR2 compounds, they would work equally well here - esp. if the rxn conditions are made harsher (gentle reflux instead of RT?).
What one CAN say for sure-is that the rxn with ZnR₂ will go just fine if one is to use o-chlorobenzoyl chloride instead of benzonitrile. Haloanhydrides generally are the best species for coupling with metalloorganics.
Bis-dicyclopentyl zinc is conveniently made from the corresponding bromide, no need to make iodide here. And o-chlorobenzoyl chloride can be easily prepared from o-chlorobenzoic acid (obtained in Step 1) and PCl₅ or some such."
8. o-Chlorophenyl cyclopentyl ketone
To the thus obtained Grignard soln there’s added 48g o-chlorobenzonitrile and the mixture is stirred for 3 days at RT. It is then poured into a mixture of ice/NH₄Cl, with addition of some conc. aq. NH₃ and left at ambient temp until all ice melts. The ketone partially floats, partially goes to the bottom. It’s extracted with benzene.
The yields fluctuate, but rarely drop below 55%.
9. alpha-Bromo-(o-chlorophenyl)-cyclopentyl ketone
40g ketone is dissolved in 70mls CCl₄ and with cooling in snow it is added into a soln of 48g dioxane dibromide in 50mls dioxane, and stirred at RT for 30mins. Then 30mls water are added and the soln is washed with Na₂CO₃ aq. until neutral. This may lead to some preciptation of the bromoketone, which stays in CCl₄. The solvent is removed, giving 47g (85%) of the bromoketone.
10. (1-hydroxy-cyclopentyl)-(o-chlorophenyl)-N-methylketimine
45g of the above bromoketone is dissolved in 50mls benzene, add therein 50mls triethylamine (17g/23mL is required for neutralization of HBr, but a 2x excess is used). The soln is then saturated with 5g methylamine, obtained by dripping a saturated soln of 15g MeNH₂·HCl onto 10g NaOH, dried thru NaOH. The rxn is left for 1 day and the solvents are removed under aspirator vacuum, giving 30g (80%) of methylketimine.
11. Ketamine
10g of methylketimine is dissolved in 100mls undecane and boiled at 195°C for 3-4hrs. Ketamine is extracted with 20% HCl. Acidic extract is basified and extracted with DCM. Solvent is removed giving the product as an oil that quickly crystallizes. It can be purified by recrystallization from pentane/ether or hexane/ether.
The yields are close to quantitative.
Last edited:
